Phylum Chordata:
Class Hemichoradata:
Characteristics:
- Have no dorsal notochord
- Marine
- ex: Acorn Worm
Class Urochordata:
Characteristics:
- Adult is a non-motile filter feeder, has no resemblance to chordates
- Only the microscopic embryonic stage has Dorsal notochord and nerve chord, gill slits, and a post-anal tail
- larvae stage very short, only for species distribution
- ex: sea squirts
Class Cephalochordata:
Characteristics:
- Know as the "Classic Chordates"
- The only Class to have all four characteristics of a Vertebrate in adult stage
- Common Ancestor to Vertebrates
- ex: Amphioxus
Lower Chordates Lab:
1. How are Amphioxus, Tunicate, and Acorn Worm similar and different?
Similar: All are 'lower chordates' all have the 4 characteristics at some stage in their life (Except acorn worm)
Just Amphioxus: Show all 4 characteristics of chordates in adult stage, motile, show segmentation
Just Tunicate: Show all 4 characteristics in larvae stage, sessile, filter-feeding adult stage.
Just Acorn Worm: Only show 3 of the 4 characteristics, No notochord, only marine
2. Why is Amphioxus called the 'classic chordate'?
Because it follows all of the four rules of chordates: it has a hollow nerve cord, a dorsal notochord, gill slits, and a post-anal tail
3. How does a Tunicate larvae compare to an adult?
As an adult, the tunicate is a non-motile filter-feeding primal animal, in its larvae stage however, it is a highly motile animal with all 4 characteristics of chordates. the larva's life span is much shorter than the adult as it is only used for species distribution.
4. Why is the Acorn Worm not considered an invertebrate worm?
although it doesn't show all 4 of the characteristics on chordates, it has gill slits, a post-anal tail, and a hollow nerve cord.
Similar: All are 'lower chordates' all have the 4 characteristics at some stage in their life (Except acorn worm)
Just Amphioxus: Show all 4 characteristics of chordates in adult stage, motile, show segmentation
Just Tunicate: Show all 4 characteristics in larvae stage, sessile, filter-feeding adult stage.
Just Acorn Worm: Only show 3 of the 4 characteristics, No notochord, only marine
2. Why is Amphioxus called the 'classic chordate'?
Because it follows all of the four rules of chordates: it has a hollow nerve cord, a dorsal notochord, gill slits, and a post-anal tail
3. How does a Tunicate larvae compare to an adult?
As an adult, the tunicate is a non-motile filter-feeding primal animal, in its larvae stage however, it is a highly motile animal with all 4 characteristics of chordates. the larva's life span is much shorter than the adult as it is only used for species distribution.
4. Why is the Acorn Worm not considered an invertebrate worm?
although it doesn't show all 4 of the characteristics on chordates, it has gill slits, a post-anal tail, and a hollow nerve cord.
Characteristics:
- Bone and/or cartilage endoskeleton
- Smaller or no notochord as adult
- Greater cephalization
- Closed circulatory system with heart, veins, etc.
Class Agnatha:
Characteristics:
- Used to be very dominant in the ocean
- Filter feed with suckers
- Jawless
- Gills for increased activity
- No appendages
- ex: Lamprey
Class Chondrichthyes:
Characteristics:
- Cartilage skeleton
- Articulating jaws
- No operculum or air bladder
- Streamlined body
- Fins for steering
- Well adapted senses
- Internally fertilize eggs. no post-natal care
Class Osterichthyes:
Characteristics:
- Calcium skeleton
- Dominant water vertebrate
- Operculum and air bladder
- Some (lungfish) developed lungs
- 2 chambered heart
- Vertebrate brain for developed senses and behaviors
- External fertilization (young are born able to swim and feed)
- Excretes ammonium waste directly into water
Class Amphibia:
Characteristics:
- External fertilization (in water)
- Larvae (tadpoles) live exclusively in water, once developed, move to land
- Crude sac-like lungs (gulps()
- Breathes 50% through lungs, 50% through skin
- Only tadpoles have gills
- 3-chambered heart, double pump, blood mixes in ventricle, INEFFICIENT
- Cloaca: exit for waste and gametes
- Fat bodies: Store energy for hibernation, used for flotation
- Appendages grow off of sides-"Belly draggers"
- Most amphibians still have tails, not well-muscled
- Brain size increases with Cerebrum and Cerebellum
- Tympanum for hearing (poor hearing)
Frog Lab:
1. What is the function of the nicitating membrane?
To cover and protect the frog's eyes
2. A frog does not chew its food. what do the position of its teeth suggest how the frog uses them?
They are for trapping the frog's prey in its mouth and containing it there.
3. Trace the path of food through the digestive tract
1. mouth
2. esophagus
3. stomach
4. intestine
5. anus
6. cloaca
7. cloacal opening
4. Trace the path of blood through the circulatory system, starting with the right atrium
1. right atrium
2. ventricle
3. Aortic arch/aorta
4. Lungs
5. arteries
6. Left atrium
7. Ventricle
8. Aortic arch/aorta
9. (deoxygenates) Arteries
10. right atrium
5. Trace the path of air through the respiratory system
1. Mouth
3. glottis
4. lungs
5. glottis
6. mouth
6. Trace the path of sperm in a male and eggs in a female
1. reproductive glands
2. cloaca
3. cloacal opening
7. Trace the path of urine in both sexes
1. Kidney
2. ureter
3. cloaca
4. cloacal opening
8. Which parts of the frog's nervous system can be observed in its abdominal cavity and hind leg?
Sciatic and femoral nerves
9. Suppose in a living frog, the spinal nerves extending to the leg muscles were cut. what ability would the Frog lose? Why?
Jumping and swimming, because the frog's hind legs are needed for both. without the nerve telling them what to do, the hind legs wouldn't 'spring' when the frog needed them to.
10. The abdominal cavity of a frog at the end of hibernation season would contain small or no fat bodies, what is the function of the fat bodies?
To store nutrients for hibernation and to aid flotation when swimming.
11. Structures in an animal's body that help it survive in the environment are called adaptations. how do the frog's powerful hind legs help it survive in water and on land?
Water: the large legs preform a kick in the water to propel the frog forwards. for swimming
Land: instead of a kick, the legs spring out to let the frog leap.
12. During one mating, the female lays between 2000 and 3000 eggs on water and the male sheds millions of sperm over them. how do these large numbers relate to the frog's ability to survive in water?
It says that tadpoles have a very small chance to survive in the water. the reason frogs lay so many eggs is for a bettrer chance for some of the tadpoles to escape their predators and live long enough to become a frog.
To cover and protect the frog's eyes
2. A frog does not chew its food. what do the position of its teeth suggest how the frog uses them?
They are for trapping the frog's prey in its mouth and containing it there.
3. Trace the path of food through the digestive tract
1. mouth
2. esophagus
3. stomach
4. intestine
5. anus
6. cloaca
7. cloacal opening
4. Trace the path of blood through the circulatory system, starting with the right atrium
1. right atrium
2. ventricle
3. Aortic arch/aorta
4. Lungs
5. arteries
6. Left atrium
7. Ventricle
8. Aortic arch/aorta
9. (deoxygenates) Arteries
10. right atrium
5. Trace the path of air through the respiratory system
1. Mouth
3. glottis
4. lungs
5. glottis
6. mouth
6. Trace the path of sperm in a male and eggs in a female
1. reproductive glands
2. cloaca
3. cloacal opening
7. Trace the path of urine in both sexes
1. Kidney
2. ureter
3. cloaca
4. cloacal opening
8. Which parts of the frog's nervous system can be observed in its abdominal cavity and hind leg?
Sciatic and femoral nerves
9. Suppose in a living frog, the spinal nerves extending to the leg muscles were cut. what ability would the Frog lose? Why?
Jumping and swimming, because the frog's hind legs are needed for both. without the nerve telling them what to do, the hind legs wouldn't 'spring' when the frog needed them to.
10. The abdominal cavity of a frog at the end of hibernation season would contain small or no fat bodies, what is the function of the fat bodies?
To store nutrients for hibernation and to aid flotation when swimming.
11. Structures in an animal's body that help it survive in the environment are called adaptations. how do the frog's powerful hind legs help it survive in water and on land?
Water: the large legs preform a kick in the water to propel the frog forwards. for swimming
Land: instead of a kick, the legs spring out to let the frog leap.
12. During one mating, the female lays between 2000 and 3000 eggs on water and the male sheds millions of sperm over them. how do these large numbers relate to the frog's ability to survive in water?
It says that tadpoles have a very small chance to survive in the water. the reason frogs lay so many eggs is for a bettrer chance for some of the tadpoles to escape their predators and live long enough to become a frog.
Class Reptilia:
Characteristics:
- Amniotic egg with leathery shell
- Internal fertilization
- Scales of plates
- If legs are present, grow on ventral surface
- Well-developed lungs
- 3 1/2 chamber heart
- Exothermic (cold blooded)
-Order Rynchoephalia- Tuatora
-Order Chelonia- Turtles
-Order Ccrocodila- Crocodile
-Order Squamata- Snake
Class Aves:
Characteristics:
- Head, trunk, tail
- Air sacs
- Wings, 2 legs
- Feathers
- Uric acid excretion
- Lightweight bones
- No teeth
- 4 chambered heart
- Amniotic egg, calcium shell
- Endothermic
Chick development drawings:
Class Mammalia:
Characteristics:
- 4 chambered heart
- hair or fur (not all)
- Diaphragm for most efficient breathing
- Amniotic egg
- Mammary glands
- Extensive post-natal
- Learning and reasoning level of brain function
-Prototheria- Platypus
-Metatheria- Koala
-Utheria-
Rat Lab:
2. The sphincter is a circular muscle. Why is it this shape, and what does it do?
The sphincter muscle is a round shape so that it can wrap around an endodermic tube to close/open it by flexing and retracting.
3. Why is there a difference in the diameter and length of the small and large intestine?
There is a difference in diameter between the large and small because they preform different arts of digestion. the small intestine is the first part that takes the nutrients from the food mush, so it is narrow and long to have the most possible surface area for digestion. the large intestine is wider and shorter because it absorbs water from lots of digested food mush as it can, so it needs to be able to hold a lot of it in one place to drain the water from it.
4. The liver is the largest organ in the body (after the skin), what are its functions?
The liver makes bite that breaks down fats, produces a protein that aids the process of blood clotting, and handles waste (dead cells)
5.In each of the cavities, there is a membrane that covers both the wall of the cavity and the organ it contains, what is the function of these membranes?
Those membranes keep the organs in place within the cavity
6. What is the function of the spleen?
1. creates white blood cells
2. disposes of dead red blood cells
7. What is the function of the diaphragm?
the diaphragm's function is to aid mammals in breathing. When the diaphragm flexes and straightens out, air rushes into the lungs, when it relaxes and goes back to a dome shape, the air is pushed out of the lungs.
8. What distinguishes the atria from the ventricles?
The atria are larger and hold more blood, they pump blood to the ventricles and pull in blood from the bloodstream, Ventricles pump blood out to the organs or lungs.
9. Why is the wall of the left ventricle of the heart thicker than that of the right?
because the left ventricle has a harder job to do, to pump blood around the whole body of the animal, while the right ventricle only has to pump to the lungs, a much closer distance.
10. What similarities exist between the male and female reproductive system?
1. both systems have gonads (testes for male, ovaries for female)
2. both systems have sex organs
3. both reproductive organs develop from similar tissue in the embryonic stage
11. What do kidneys do?
1. collects waste (ammonia)
2. turns ammonia waste to uric acid
3. absorbs water to dilute uric acid
The sphincter muscle is a round shape so that it can wrap around an endodermic tube to close/open it by flexing and retracting.
3. Why is there a difference in the diameter and length of the small and large intestine?
There is a difference in diameter between the large and small because they preform different arts of digestion. the small intestine is the first part that takes the nutrients from the food mush, so it is narrow and long to have the most possible surface area for digestion. the large intestine is wider and shorter because it absorbs water from lots of digested food mush as it can, so it needs to be able to hold a lot of it in one place to drain the water from it.
4. The liver is the largest organ in the body (after the skin), what are its functions?
The liver makes bite that breaks down fats, produces a protein that aids the process of blood clotting, and handles waste (dead cells)
5.In each of the cavities, there is a membrane that covers both the wall of the cavity and the organ it contains, what is the function of these membranes?
Those membranes keep the organs in place within the cavity
6. What is the function of the spleen?
1. creates white blood cells
2. disposes of dead red blood cells
7. What is the function of the diaphragm?
the diaphragm's function is to aid mammals in breathing. When the diaphragm flexes and straightens out, air rushes into the lungs, when it relaxes and goes back to a dome shape, the air is pushed out of the lungs.
8. What distinguishes the atria from the ventricles?
The atria are larger and hold more blood, they pump blood to the ventricles and pull in blood from the bloodstream, Ventricles pump blood out to the organs or lungs.
9. Why is the wall of the left ventricle of the heart thicker than that of the right?
because the left ventricle has a harder job to do, to pump blood around the whole body of the animal, while the right ventricle only has to pump to the lungs, a much closer distance.
10. What similarities exist between the male and female reproductive system?
1. both systems have gonads (testes for male, ovaries for female)
2. both systems have sex organs
3. both reproductive organs develop from similar tissue in the embryonic stage
11. What do kidneys do?
1. collects waste (ammonia)
2. turns ammonia waste to uric acid
3. absorbs water to dilute uric acid